Legal Analysis of the Destruction of Healthcare in North Gaza

Since the start of the hostilities in October 2023, grave concerns have been raised over Israeli attacks on healthcare facilities and other measures that have led to the collapse of the healthcare system in Gaza.

This publication examines attacks and military operations on and around the premises of the Indonesian Hospital, Kamal Adwan Hospital, and Al-Awda Hospital in North Gaza governorate when it was placed under siege by Israeli forces, from October 2024 until the entry into force of the ceasefire in January 2025. In this time period, one hospital after another was rendered largely inoperable while significant parts of the area were cut off from humanitarian relief deliveries.

The analysis points to violations of the international humanitarian law (IHL) rules regulating the conduct of hostilities and military operations as well as Israel’s obligations pursuant to the law of occupation and international human rights law (IHRL). The documented conduct on the part of Israel may further give rise to other potential internationally wrongful acts and implicate the individuals concerned in the commission of potential international crimes. It also entails legal consequences for third States.  

Cover photo: An interior view of the heavy destruction left by the Israeli army at Kamal Adwan Hospital after the Israeli army withdrew following the ceasefire agreement between Hamas and Israel, in Beit Lahia, Gaza on January 30, 2025. Khalil Ramzi Alkahlut/Anadolu Agency. All Rights Reserved.